Artikel ini dimuat di: BMC Nurs. 2007; 6: 8.
Birgitta Marklund, Bodil Wilde-Larsson, Staffan Ahlstedt, and Gun Nordström
Abstract
Background
Experiencing or being at risk of adverse reactions to certain food items is a common health issue, especially among children and adolescents. Research has shown that living with the risk of food reactions and always having to take measures to avoid certain food in one's diet has a negative impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to illuminate adolescents' experiences of being food hypersensitive.
Methods
Three focus group interviews and six individual interviews were carried out with all together 17 adolescents, 14–18 years of age, who had exclusion diets at school due to food hypersensitivity. The interviews were taped and transcribed verbatim and a qualitative content analysis was carried out.
Results
Five categories with subcategories, and one pervading theme, emerged. The categories were: Perceiving oneself as being particular, Feeling constrained,Experiencing others' ignorance, Keeping control, and Feeling it's okay. A pervading theme was conceptualised as Striving to normalise the experience of being food-hypersensitive. The adolescents regarded themselves as competent and courageous, but also described how they avoided the extra attention it implied to ask for special food considerations taken into account. Their self-conceptions were probably essential for their management of and attitude toward the hypersensitivity condition. They felt deprived, and those at risk of severe food reactions experienced insecurity and fear. Feelings of being disregarded were expressed, as well as facing unreliability and a lack of understanding from others. The continual work of constant vigilance and decision-making was described as time-consuming and frustrating. However, the adolescents also experienced considerate and supportive surroundings and were at pains to tone down the negative experiences and consequences of being food-hypersensitive.
Conclusion
Food avoidance by itself, and not only the somatic food reactions, brings about consequences with significant impacts on adolescents' lives. The findings from this study have implications for all of those who deal with adolescents who are food-hypersensitive, and not only health professionals. A deeper insight into adolescents' experiences gives an understanding which can improve the care-givers' efforts
Rabu, 26 Mei 2010
Hepatitis C Bukan Vonis Mati Lagi

Oleh: AN Uyung Pramudiarja - detikHealth
Infeksi virus hepatitis C ibarat vonis mati karena sulit disembuhkan. Tapi penemuan baru memberikan harapan penyembuhan hepatitis C sehingga nantinya bukan lagi vonis mati yang didapat.
Peneliti di Australia telah mengembangkan terapi antivirus kombinasi, yang diyakini efektif menyembuhkan penyakitmematikan tersebut.
Penyembuhannya dengan kombinasi antivirus antara pegylated interferon alfa dengan ribavirin yang telah menjadi standar dalam perawatan hepatitis C kronis selama ini.
"Tingkat kesembuhan dengan terapi tersebut kini bisa ditingkatkan," kata Profesor Joe Torresi dari bagian penyakit menular di Austin Hospital, Melbourne, yang akan mempresentasikan hal itu dalam pertemuan tahunan Australian Society for Infecctious Disease di Darwin.
"Adanya antivirus dengan aksi langsung serta berbagai terapi imun yang terus berkembang membawa harapan baik, bahwa semua penderita hepatitis C di masa mendatang akan dapat disembuhkan," lanjut Profesor Joe seperti dilansir abc.net.au, Rabu (26/5/2010).
Profesor Joe mengatakan, tingkat kesembuhan tergantung jenis atau genotipe virus yang menginfeksi. Di Australia, 50 persen infeksi hepatitis C dipicu oleh genotipe 1, sementara 1/3 oleh genotipe 2 atau 3 dan sisanya oleh genotipe 4.
Pemberian terapi kombinasi tersebut menghasilkan tingkat kesembuhan yang beragam, yang dinyatakan dengan Sustained Virological Response (SVR). Pada genotipe 2 dan 3, nilai SVR 85 persen dicapai setelah pemberian terapi selama 24 pekan.
Pada genotipe 1, terapi selama 48 pekan menghasilkan nilai SVR antara 40-50 persen. Sedangkan terapi selama 4 pekan menghasilkan SVR 80 persen pada genotipe 1, dan 95 persen pada genotipe 2 dan 3.
Sementara itu penambahan antivirus dengan aksi langsung dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan efek terapi kombinasi tersebut. Uji klinis yang dibiayai oleh sebuah perusahaan obat membuktikan, pemberian Teleprevir dan Boceprivir
meningkatkan SVR pada genotipe 1 dari 40-50 persen menjadi 60-70 persen.
Jika penambahan obat pada genotipe 1 mampu meningkatkan SVR hingga 20 persen, maka Torresi menaruh harapan besar pada pengembangan terapi tersebut. Ia yakin terobosan tersebut juga dapat memberikan peningkatan SVR hingga 75-95 persen pada seluruh pasien hepatitis C.
"Bentuk terapi yang lain juga dikembangkan, antara lain pemberian imunoterapi yang meliputi vaksin dan obat-obatan untuk menutup pintu masuknya virus ke dalam sel hati," ungkap Torresi.
Austin Hospital saat ini juga tengah melakukan uji klinis secara independen terkait terapi kombinasi antivirus tersebut. Torresi yang juga terlibat dalam riset tersebut menegaskan, kali ini tidak ada perusahaan obat yang mendanainya.
Hepatitis C adalah penyakit hati yang disebabkan oleh virus Hepatitis C (HCV). Virus Hepatitis C masuk ke sel hati, menggunakan mesin genetik dalam sel untuk menduplikasi virus Hepatitis C, kemudian menginfeksi banyak sel lainnya.
Sering kali orang yang menderita Hepatitis C tidak menunjukkan gejala, walaupun infeksi telah terjadi bertahun-tahun lamanya. Namun ada juga gejala-gejala di bawah ini ada yang mungkin samar seperti: Lelah, Hilang selera makan, sakit perut, urine menjadi gelap, Kulit atau mata menjadi kuning (disebut 'jaundice') jarang terjadi.
Banyak Tahi Lalat Memperlambat Penuaan
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Oleh: Merry Wahyuningsih - DetikHealth
Orang yang punya banyak tahi lalat mungkin sedikit merasa tidak nyaman karena tahi lalat merusak kemulusan kulitnya. Tapi sebenarnya punya banyak tahi lalat adalah keberuntungan, karena tahi lalat dapat memperlambat usia dan membuat orang awet muda.
Hal ini berdasarkan sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan ilmuwan di Inggris, yang menunjukkan bahwa tahi lalat berhubungan dengan usia. Orang yang punya banyak tahi lalat kecil kemungkinan mengalami penyakit yang berhubungan dengan usia, seperti penyakit jantung dan osteoporosis.
Pada sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan selama 10 tahun terhadap 1.800 orang kembar, peneliti dari University of London's King's College menemukan bahwa orang dengan lebih dari 100 tahi lalat akan memiliki usia biologis 6 sampai 7 tahun lebih muda ketimbang orang dengan kurang dari 25 tahi lalat.
Studi ini telah dipublikasikan dalam jurnal Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.
Peneliti memperkirakan usia dengan menggunakan panjang telomere. Telomere adalah kumpulan DNA yang ditemukan di ujung kromosom dalam semua sel dan membantu melindungi, replikasi, dan menstabilkan ujung kromosom.
Peneliti mengatakan bahwa telomere seperti ujung plastik pada tali sepatu. Telomere ini mencegah kromosom berakhir dari jumbai dan menempel satu sama lain.
Tahi lalat biasanya muncul pada masa kanak-kanak dan menghilang ketika menginjak setengah baya. Tahi lalat dapat bervariasi secara signifikan dalam jumlah maupun ukuran. Ilmuwan tidak mengetahui alasan mengapa ada perbedaan ini, bahkan juga fungsi tahi lalat itu sendiri.
"Hasil penelitian ini sangat menarik karena menunjukkan untuk pertama kalinya bahwa orang dengan tahi lalat memiliki sedikit risiko peningkatan melanoma, dan di sisi lain mendapatkan manfaat dari tingkat penunda penuaan," ujar pemimpin penelitian Dr Veronique Bataille, seperti dilansir dari CBC, Rabu (26/5/2010).
Dr Bataille juga menuturkan bahwa tahi lalat memiliki sedikit kerentanan terhadap penyakit yang berhubungan dengan usia, seperti penyakit jantung dan osteoporosis. Tapi masih diperlukan studi lebih lanjut untuk mengkonfirmasikan temuan tersebut.
Temuan ini menunjukkan orang dengan tahi lalat lebih banyak mungkin memiliki penundaan usia alias awet muda, karena orang yang banyak tahi lalat memiliki telomere yang lebih panjang dan muncul untuk dapat memperlambat jalannya usia.
Sebaliknya, orang dengan telomere lebih pendek memiliki tahi lalat lebih sedikit dan tampaknya jalannya usia akan lebih cepat, yang mungkin mempercepat penuaan.
"Kami sekarang berencana melihat lebih rinci pada gen yang mempengaruhi jumlah tahi lalat dan melihat apakah tahi lalat itu juga memperlambat proses penuaan pada umumnya. Kami akan memeriksa tingkat penuaan di kulit, otot, dan tulang dalam kelompok-kelompok orang berbeda sesuai dengan jumlah tahi lalat yang dimilikinya," ujar Tim Spector, coordinator penulis penelitian.
Selasa, 27 April 2010
Relationships among microstructural properties of bone at the human midshaft femur
H. M. Goldman, 1 C. D. L. Thomas, 2 J. G. Clement 2 and T. G. Bromage
1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
2School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
3Hard Tissue Research Unit, Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
Abstract
Mineralization density and collagen fibre orientation are two aspects of a bone’s microstructural organization that influence its mechanical properties. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated a distinctly non-random, though highly variable, spatial distribution of these two variables in the human femoral cortex. In this study of 37 specimens, these variables are examined relative to one another in order to determine whether regions of bone demonstrating higher or lower mineralization density also demonstrate a prevalence of either transversely or longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. An analysis of rank-transformed collagen fibre orientation (as determined by circularly polarized light) and mineralization density (as determined by backscattered electron microscopy) data sets demonstrated that areas of low mineralization density (predominantly in the anterior-lateral cortex) tended to correspond to regions of higher proportions of longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. Conversely, areas of higher mineralization density (postero-medially) tended to correspond to regions of higher proportions of trans¬versely oriented collagen fibres. High variability in the sample led to generally low correlations between the two data sets, however. A second analysis focused only on the orientation of collagen fibres within poorly mineralized bone (representing bone that was newly formed). This analysis demonstrated a lower proportion of transverse collagen fibres in newly formed bone with age, along with some significant regional differences in the prevalence of collagen fibres of either orientation. Again high variability characterized the sample. These results are discussed relative to the hypothesized forces experienced at the midshaft femur.
Key words bone microstructure; collagen fibre orientation; femur; human; mineralization density; image analysis.
Sumber: J. Anat. (2005) 206, pp127–139
1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
2School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
3Hard Tissue Research Unit, Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
Abstract
Mineralization density and collagen fibre orientation are two aspects of a bone’s microstructural organization that influence its mechanical properties. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated a distinctly non-random, though highly variable, spatial distribution of these two variables in the human femoral cortex. In this study of 37 specimens, these variables are examined relative to one another in order to determine whether regions of bone demonstrating higher or lower mineralization density also demonstrate a prevalence of either transversely or longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. An analysis of rank-transformed collagen fibre orientation (as determined by circularly polarized light) and mineralization density (as determined by backscattered electron microscopy) data sets demonstrated that areas of low mineralization density (predominantly in the anterior-lateral cortex) tended to correspond to regions of higher proportions of longitudinally oriented collagen fibres. Conversely, areas of higher mineralization density (postero-medially) tended to correspond to regions of higher proportions of trans¬versely oriented collagen fibres. High variability in the sample led to generally low correlations between the two data sets, however. A second analysis focused only on the orientation of collagen fibres within poorly mineralized bone (representing bone that was newly formed). This analysis demonstrated a lower proportion of transverse collagen fibres in newly formed bone with age, along with some significant regional differences in the prevalence of collagen fibres of either orientation. Again high variability characterized the sample. These results are discussed relative to the hypothesized forces experienced at the midshaft femur.
Key words bone microstructure; collagen fibre orientation; femur; human; mineralization density; image analysis.
Sumber: J. Anat. (2005) 206, pp127–139
Prevalensi dan Faktor Risiko Delirium Pascaoperasi di Unit Perawatan Intensif Jantung (Abstrak Penelitian)
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium in a Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit
By: Yu-Ling Chang, Yun-Fang Tsai, Pyng-Jing Lin, Min-Chi Chen and Chia-Yih Liu
Background Delirium after cardiac surgery is a common com¬plication in cardiovascular intensive care units. The prevalence of delirium and its likely risk factors have not previously been explored in a single sample of postoperative cardiac patients in an intensive care unit.
Objective To compare a variety of characteristics in patients with and without delirium and to identify risk factors associ¬ated with delirium in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit after cardiac surgery.
Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect data on 288 patients who had open heart surgery during the period 2004 to 2005 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in northern Taiwan. A researcher-designed checklist of 52 patient-related risk factors for delirium was used to collect preoperative, intra¬operative, and postoperative data. All patients were assessed by psychiatrists, and delirium was diagnosed according to cri¬teria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor¬ders, fourth edition. Data were analyzed via univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.
Results The prevalence of postoperative delirium was 41.7%. Patients with and without delirium differed significantly on 29 variables. Four postoperative factors, hematocrit less than 30%, cardiogenic shock, hypoalbuminemia, and acute infection, were significant, independent predictors of postoperative delirium.
Conclusions The results of this study can be used to develop a revised checklist of 29 preoperative, intraoperative, and post¬operative risk factors for delirium, with special attention to the 4 predictive postoperative factors. Use of such a checklist may facilitate the ability to prevent or detect delirium early and pro¬vide suitable treatment.
Sumber: American Journal of Critical Care. 2008;17:567-575
By: Yu-Ling Chang, Yun-Fang Tsai, Pyng-Jing Lin, Min-Chi Chen and Chia-Yih Liu
Background Delirium after cardiac surgery is a common com¬plication in cardiovascular intensive care units. The prevalence of delirium and its likely risk factors have not previously been explored in a single sample of postoperative cardiac patients in an intensive care unit.
Objective To compare a variety of characteristics in patients with and without delirium and to identify risk factors associ¬ated with delirium in patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit after cardiac surgery.
Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect data on 288 patients who had open heart surgery during the period 2004 to 2005 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in northern Taiwan. A researcher-designed checklist of 52 patient-related risk factors for delirium was used to collect preoperative, intra¬operative, and postoperative data. All patients were assessed by psychiatrists, and delirium was diagnosed according to cri¬teria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor¬ders, fourth edition. Data were analyzed via univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.
Results The prevalence of postoperative delirium was 41.7%. Patients with and without delirium differed significantly on 29 variables. Four postoperative factors, hematocrit less than 30%, cardiogenic shock, hypoalbuminemia, and acute infection, were significant, independent predictors of postoperative delirium.
Conclusions The results of this study can be used to develop a revised checklist of 29 preoperative, intraoperative, and post¬operative risk factors for delirium, with special attention to the 4 predictive postoperative factors. Use of such a checklist may facilitate the ability to prevent or detect delirium early and pro¬vide suitable treatment.
Sumber: American Journal of Critical Care. 2008;17:567-575
Senin, 26 April 2010
Symptoms Across The Continuum of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Differences Between Women and Men
By: Holli A. DeVon, RN, PhD, Catherine J. Ryan, RN, PhD, APRN, CCRN, Amy L. Ochs, BSN, and Moshe Shapiro, MS
Background The urgency and level of care provided for acute coronary syndromes partially depends on the symptoms man¬ifested.
Objectives To detect differences between women and men in the type, severity, location, and quality of symptoms across the 3 clinical diagnostic categories of acute coronary syn¬dromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST- segment elevation, and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation) while controlling for age, diabetes, functional sta¬tus, anxiety, and depression.
Methods A convenience sample of 112 women and 144 men admitted through the emergency department and hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes participated. Recruitment took place at 2 urban teaching hospitals in the Midwest. Data were collected during structured interviews in each patient’s hospi¬tal room. Forty-eight symptom descriptors were assessed. Demographic characteristics, health history, functional status, anxiety, and depression levels also were measured.
Results Regardless of clinical diagnostic category, women reported significantly more indigestion (â = 0.25; confidence interval [CI] = 0.01-0.49), palpitations (â = 0.31; CI = 0.06-0.56), nausea (â = 0.37; CI = 0.10-0.65), numbness in the hands (â = 0.29; CI = 0.02-0.57), and unusual fatigue (â = 0.60; CI = 0.27- 0.93) than men reported. Differences between men and women in dizziness, weakness, and new-onset cough did differ by diagnosis. Reports of chest pain did not differ between men and women.
Conclusions Women with acute coronary syndromes reported a higher intensity of 5 symptoms (but not chest pain) than men reported. Whether differences between the sexes in less typical symptoms are clinically significant remains unclear.
Selengkapnya: (American Journal of Critical Care. 2008;17:14-25)
Background The urgency and level of care provided for acute coronary syndromes partially depends on the symptoms man¬ifested.
Objectives To detect differences between women and men in the type, severity, location, and quality of symptoms across the 3 clinical diagnostic categories of acute coronary syn¬dromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST- segment elevation, and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation) while controlling for age, diabetes, functional sta¬tus, anxiety, and depression.
Methods A convenience sample of 112 women and 144 men admitted through the emergency department and hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes participated. Recruitment took place at 2 urban teaching hospitals in the Midwest. Data were collected during structured interviews in each patient’s hospi¬tal room. Forty-eight symptom descriptors were assessed. Demographic characteristics, health history, functional status, anxiety, and depression levels also were measured.
Results Regardless of clinical diagnostic category, women reported significantly more indigestion (â = 0.25; confidence interval [CI] = 0.01-0.49), palpitations (â = 0.31; CI = 0.06-0.56), nausea (â = 0.37; CI = 0.10-0.65), numbness in the hands (â = 0.29; CI = 0.02-0.57), and unusual fatigue (â = 0.60; CI = 0.27- 0.93) than men reported. Differences between men and women in dizziness, weakness, and new-onset cough did differ by diagnosis. Reports of chest pain did not differ between men and women.
Conclusions Women with acute coronary syndromes reported a higher intensity of 5 symptoms (but not chest pain) than men reported. Whether differences between the sexes in less typical symptoms are clinically significant remains unclear.
Selengkapnya: (American Journal of Critical Care. 2008;17:14-25)
Minggu, 25 April 2010
Khasiat Daging Tokek

Oleh: Vera Farah Bararah - detikHealth
Tokek banyak dicari orang karena dipercaya bisa mengobati berbagai penyakit. Karena banyak yang mencari, binatang ini pun harganya mahal. Apa saja khasiat daging tokek yang konon bisa menyembuhkan penyakit itu?
Khasiat daging tokek yang dikonsumsi sebagai makanan atau dalam bentuk bubuk dipercaya bisa mengobati berbagai macam penyakit seperti penyakit kulit, asma dan juga meningkatkan stamina kaum laki-laki. Tapi hingga kini belum ada penelitian secara farmakologi yang mampu menunjukkan khasiat dari pengobatan menggunakan tokek tersebut.
Tokek pernah dilaporkan dalam laporan praktik klinis (uji coba ke makhluk hidup) yang menunjukkan memiliki efek positif terhadap tumor ganas. Sebuah tim riset yang dipimpin oleh Prof Wang dari Henan University of China pernah melaporkan hal ini.
Penemuan ini dipublikasikan dalam World Journal of Gastroenterology. Tapi tidak ada penelitian mengenai studi farmakologi (ilmu tentang interaksi antara obat, sistem dan proses hidup) dari tokek ini, sehingga mekanisme kerjanya sebgai anti-tumor masih belum jelas.
Seperti dikutip dari Medicalnewstoday, Senin (26/4/2010) hasil laporan praktik klinis tokek tidak hanya bisa memperkuat sistem kekebalan suatu organisme tapi juga dapat menginduksi sel-sel tumor opoptosis yaitu sel-sel tumor yang dapat menghancurkan dirinya sendiri. Dalam melakukan praktik klinis ini, tim peneliti menggunakan hewan percobaan tikus yang berjenis kelamin betina.
Selain itu tokek juga diyakini dapat menurunkan aktivitas dari protein VEGF dan bFGF. Protein-protein ini sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan dari sel-sel kanker.
Dampak meningkatnya sistem kekebalan dideteksi berdasarkan thymus yaitu kelenjar yang dapat memproduksi sel imun di dalam leher, sel pagosit dan limpa. Serta diketahui adanya penurunan ekspresi protein VEGF dan bFGF, dan peningkatan dari sel apoptotik yang bisa membunuh sel tumor.
Saat ini badan kesehatan dunia (WHO) sedang melakukan penelitian mengenai khasiat dari daging dan kulit tokek yang dipercaya dapat menyembuhkan penyakit AIDS, asma dan berbagai penyakit kulit lainnya.
Hal ini untuk mengetahui apakah pengobatan ini benar-benar efektif atau tidak, serta untuk melihat adakah efek samping yang mungkin bisa ditimbulkan.
Tokek sudah dikenal sejak puluhan tahun lalu sebagai obat tradisional China dan juga sebagai salah satu menu makanan. Seiring berkembangnya informasi yang menunjukkan khasiat dari tokek ini, tokek kini termasuk salah satu binatang yang memiliki harga jual tinggi.
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